Society and Government Essay -- Philosophy, Hobbes, Locke

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan and John Lockes Two Treatises of Government have produced ii definitive and immensely different theories of government. Though both philosophers seem to be embedded in the concept of a natural law, why do Hobbes and Locke seem to come to two opposing conclusions about society and government? The answer lies in critical distinctions between their interpretations on the state of nature, including their conjectures on human nature, their perceptions of freedom and equality, and their ultimate reason out for civil society. Human nature is an integral part of the state of nature theory. Hobbes theorizes that human nature is flawed, with men being naturally selfish and hedonistic of the unbidden acts of every man, the object is some Good to himselfe (Hobbes, 1996, p. 93). This suggests that in a natural state, humans are only guided by their own needs and wants. As a result, Hobbes believes that the only law that governs the state of nature is maintenance of s elf-preservation. This gives rise to a clashing of desires, which compels man to undermine any concern for otherwises and put oneself supra all else. The extent to which man is able to undermine others for the sake of self-benefit is also limitless according to Hobbes in this law of Nature for where no covenant hath preceded, on that point hath nor Right been transferred and every man had right to everything and consequently, no action can be Unjust (Hobbes, 1996, p. 100). There is a clear Hobbesian view of morality that begins to run form. Good and evil seem to be relative to Hobbes. Because of this, each individual in the state of nature has varying perceptions of morality, which often conflict, creating disagreement that only incites violence. This pr... ...have have in order to act. This essentially gives sovereign power to the people. This philosophy is also consistent with Lockes favor for a republican structure of government.The apparent distinction seen between the pol itical theories of Hobbes and Locke can be attributed to their differing views on the state of nature. The development of mankind as a selfish being living in a state of war and violently attempting to obtain equality naturally lead Hobbes to conclude that an authoritative power is needed to instill order to chaos. On the other side of the spectrum, Lock molds the state of nature to be a state of peace, and attributing men to Reasonable creatures and consequently creates a representative government where the people harbor sovereign power. Essentially, these theories seem are a result of a pessimistic and optimistic framing of nature and humanity.