Availability of water resources in United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates is composed of seven emirates namely Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras al Khaimah, Umm ul Quwain, Fujairah, and Ajman. It is located in the Arabian Peninsula near the Persian Gulf. It occupies a total area of 83600 square kilometers of which around 77,500 squares kilometers is the main surface area. The total area of islands is around 5900 square kilometers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Availability of water resources in United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1994, more than 66 thousand hectares was occupied by agricultural land, whereas the rest of the territory was occupied by Wetland (Kamil, 2001). There are several sources of water in the United Arab Emirates. The total annual amount of water available from surface runoff, which is produced by rainfall, is around 150 million cubic meters and there are no perennial streams. It is also approximated that the ground water recharg e is around 120 million square meters and this emanates from infiltration from the riverbeds. The total amount of water derived from ground water abstraction is about 1615 million square meters. This shows that ground water depletion amounts to around 1500 million cubic meters per annum. The recharge does not include the recharge of groundwater flowing from neighboring countries because no figures are available (Warren, 2003). It is important to note that nowadays the country faces serious problems associated with water resources. Population increase and climate change has led to shortage of water resources. Therefore, the country has to work out some effective strategies to solve the problems. During the past twenty years the seawater intrusion has been increasing in the coastal areas. It was decided to construct several drums to solve the problem. About 35 dams and embankments have been constructed across the entire country. These structures are characterized by a total storage ca pacity of about eighty million square meters (Warren, 2008). These dams are constructed for recharge purposes, but they also provide protection against floods. A desalination plant was also erected in Abu Dhabi in 1976. This plant had a total capacity of around 250 square meters per day. There are 35 desalination plants in the united Arab emirates with a total capacity of 1922 cubic meters per day while total actual production is 385 cubic meter per year. Over total water withdraw was ground water. In the same year, agricultural water withdrawal for crops was estimated to be around 1300 million cubic meters. There are two main sources of water in the United Arab Emirates. These two sources are desalinated seawater and ground (Warren, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ground water sources are used for agricultural production. The drinking water is provided almost w holly from desalinated water across the emirate. Ground water contributes around 70% to total water demand for all-purpose. Desalinated water contributes around 25% and treated wastewater accounts for about %. Reportedly, 8 seawater desalination plants were operating in Abu Dhabi in 2010. Notably, only two freshwater aquifers are operating in the area (Warren, 2003). The saline ground water is still used to irrigate palms. These trees are rather salt-tolerant so ground water can be used for irrigation. The country has constructed recharge dams on Wadis for the purpose of preventing flood water from flowing into the sea. There is a lot of unplanned and uncontrolled ground waters withdraw specifically for agriculture and forestry. This has led to the reduction in the ground water levels and the quality of water. The construction of large-scale recharge facilities has been going on in Liwa oasis since 2008. This has helped in creating a 90-day reserve drinking water supply compared wit h the earlier 48-hour reserve for drinking water (Kamil, 2001). The water production in United Arab Emirates increases during the summer when electricity production increases. It is necessary to point out that the recharge scheme is still under construction. Considerable amounts of wastewater are now being reused to irrigate agricultural lands. Most of these wastewater treatment plants are publicly operated. United Arab people are supplied with water free of charge. Notably, industrial users as well as foreign residents have to pay for the use of water. Most of the groundwater is used to irrigate agricultural products. The United Arab Emirates have tried to solve problems associated with water scarcity by constructing desalination plants (Alsharhan, 2001). For the last three decades, groundwater has provided the majority of water source for Abu Dhabi emirate despite its heavy utilization. It is comprised of brackish, fresh sources, desalinated seawater and treated sources. Due to th e decline in water levels, protection and conservation of fresh groundwater are very important. The ground water in the United Arab Emirates is mostly used in agriculture, forestry and irrigation. Majority of water produced in the United Arab Emirates is abstracted from boreholes and shallow wells. The rest of water is produced from desalination of seawater. Water used for domestic purposes is derived from 16 well fields in the eastern region (Warren, 2003). Lack of enough quantities of water is a great problem in the United Arab Emirates. The arid climate of United Arab Emirates plays a very important role in the water resources availability. Rainfall is the main source of water in the United Arab Emirates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Availability of water resources in United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that water supply has become one of the most urgent problems i n the United Arab Emirates. It is possible to state that population increase; climate change and increase in agricultural lands contribute greatly to the problem. Apparently, existing desalination plants hardly satisfy the increasing demand. Therefore, it is essential to construct more dams and plants. Population increase is not confined to increase of water use. It also leads to excessive construction of roads and buildings. This brings to the fore issues concerning reasonable allocation of land. The government should work out the necessary strategies to control land allocation. Thus, it is possible to claim that issues concerning water resources in the United Arab Emirates require a complex approach on the part of the government of the country. Despite positive changes which have been taking place throughout past three decades, it is important to note that extra effort is still needed. References Alsharhan, S., 2001.Hydrogeology of an arid region: the Arabian Gulf and adjoining. N ew York. Elsevier. Kamil, A., 2001. Water in the Arabian Peninsula: problems and policies. Dubai: Ithaca Press. Peter R., 2008. Water in the Arab world: perspective and prognoses. New York: Harvard university press. Warren, W., 2003. Water resources perspective: evaluation, management and policy. New York: Elsevier.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Availability of water resources in United Arab Emirates was written and submitted by user Madilynn Cortez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Parents Play a Critical Role in Education

Parents Play a Critical Role in Education While parents have always had a role in their children’s education, there is a growing body of research today that confirms their critical role in helping both teachers and students succeed academically. Parental Engagement Starts Early The parent-school relationship is one that should begin early, a fact recognized by both the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Education (ED). In May 2016,  these departments issued a joint  Policy Statement on Family Engagement from the Early Years to the Early Grades  to recognize the critical role of parents in promoting children’s success starting in early childhood systems and programs: Strong family engagement in early childhood systems and programs is central- not supplemental- to promoting children’s healthy intellectual, physical, and social-emotional development; preparing children for school; and supporting academic achievement in elementary school and beyond. The policy statement reiterated the findings in an earlier report,  A New Wave of Evidence,  from the Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (2002). This report remains the most comprehensive meta-analysis using 51 studies on parent engagement and student academic success. The report released the statement: â€Å"When schools, families, and community groups work together to support learning, children tend to do better in school, stay in school longer, and like school more.† The  reviewers  considered backgrounds and income and included studies covering all grades, all regions of the country,  diverse populations along with a variety of methods, both quantitative and qualitative. The conclusion reached was that that parent engagement led to: Higher grades and test scores, and enroll in higher-level programsIncrease in earned credits and promotions.Improved attendanceImproved behavior and social skillsIncrease in enrollment in postsecondary education Increasing parent engagement in order to achieve these outcomes means schools are seeking ways to connect parents to school communities. What Parents Think A report commissioned by Learning Heroes and supported by the Carnegie Corporation called  Unleashing Their Power Potential  details why communication can help. The data for the report came from a survey that focused on the â€Å"perceptions of schools and the state and national assessment data.† More than 1,400 K–8 public school parents across the nation took part. The survey co-collaborators included Univision Communications, National PTA, National Urban League, and the United Negro College Fund. The findings from  Unleashing Their Power Potential  may hold one big surprise for educators; elementary school parents place more emphasis on their child’s happiness than academics. Putting happiness first, however, shifts in the middle school years as parents develop doubts about their children’s preparedness for postsecondary schools. One primary area  for  concern in the survey found parents are confused on how to understand the different ways students are accessed: â€Å"[M]ost of the communications parents receive- report cards, annual state test score reports, and curriculum summaries to name a few- are indecipherable and incomprehensible for most parents. About a quarter of parents are not aware of their childs annual state test scores.† The authors of the report suggest  there is a need for improved communications â€Å"that are responsive to parents needs, interests, and concerns.† They note, â€Å"Most parents rely on report card grades, quizzes, and communications with teachers to determine whether their child is achieving their grade level.† They promote helping parents to understand the connection between these forms of assessment. That sentiment was echoed by Claudia Barwell, Director of Learning, Suklaa, with her essay,  How Parents Can Change the Global Landscape of Education  in which she discusses the challenges in finding the right balance in communicating with parents. Her essay, written from a parent’s point of view, suggests that there are three fundamental areas for balance: the teacher’s relationship with parents, parents’ relationship with formal assessment, and the latent power of parents in co-designing schooling. She suggests that schools survey parents and ask these key questions: What values do you believe are essential for a developing child?What part of the current curriculum is essential?What should we be teaching that we are not?What skills will they need for the future?What role would you like to play in the education of your children? Such questions can begin a dialogue and improve the conversations between parents and teachers and administrators. Barwell would also see value in seeing â€Å"links to brief teaching methods and a glossary of terms so that parents can support learning at home without being told we are ‘doing it wrong’ by our children.† Barwell’s request for links illustrates an audience willing to use a growing number of technology tools designed for parents to understand how a school operates. There are also technology tools designed to help parents interact with the teachers and administrators. How Parents Interact With Schools If parents are looking for an explanation with details of what their child is expected to learn over the course of  a week, month or year, there are multiple options schools may be using, from software platforms to mobile apps.   For example, SeeSaw or  ClassDojo, used in preschool and elementary grades, are software programs that can document and share information about student learning in real time. For the upper elementary grades, middle and high school, the platform  Edmodo  allows parents to see assignments and class resources, while Google Classroom provides teachers a means to send out parent/guardian updates. All of this software offer mobile apps as well. Because evaluation programs for teachers, support staff, and administrators include  a parent communication/engagement goal, a need exists to measure communication and engagement, and these technology tools collect that data. For this reason,  many schools districts encourage parents to sign up for the mobile app  Remind. This app can be used by a teacher to send homework updates or by a school district to send general school updates through text messages. Finally, most public schools now post student grades online through student-management software such as  PowerSchool, Blackboard,  Engrade,  LearnBoost, or  ThinkWave.  Teachers can post student performance ratings (grades) which let parents keep a watchful on student academic progress. Of course, the amount of information available through these kinds of technology can be a little overwhelming. Technology tools designed to increase parent engagement are only effective if they are used by the parents. School districts need to consider how they will educate parents to use different technology tools to guide their decisions.  But it is not only in the area of technology that parents need training.   Research findings report that most parents do not understand educational policy at the local, state or federal level. To correct these gaps, the  Every Students Succeed Act (ESSA), an educational reform plan that replaced the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2015, places an  emphasis on the importance of stakeholder engagement. There are mandates for community input; states  must  solicit and evaluate input from parents when developing strategic plans for schools. Finally, while teachers need to keep parents â€Å"in the loop† they also need to respect the limited time today’s parents find themselves, stretched for time, energy, and resources. Home and School Connection Technology and legislation aside, the are other ways parents can be supportive of education in general, and they have been around almost as long as the institution of public education. As early as 1910, a book on education by Chauncey P. Colegrove titled The Teacher and the School placed an emphasis on engaging parents. He advised teachers to â€Å"enlist the interest of parents and secure their co-operation by making them acquainted with what the schools are striving to accomplish.† In his book, Colegrove asked, â€Å"Where there is no knowledge of each other, how can there be close sympathy and cooperation between parents and teacher?† He responded to this question  by stating, â€Å"The surest way to win a parents heart is to show an intelligent and sympathetic interest in the welfare of his children.† Over 100 years after Colegrove published  The Teacher and the School,  Secretary of Education (2009-2015)  Arne Duncan  adds, â€Å"We often talk about parents being partners in education. When we say that, were usually talking about the healthy and productive relationships that can develop between the adults in a childs life at home and the adults who work with that child at school. I cant overstate how important this partnership is.† Whether it is a handwritten note or a  text message, the communication between teachers and parents with parents is what develops the relationships described by Duncan. While a student’s education may take place within the walls of a building, the school’s connection to parents can extend those walls far into the student’s home.

Ask the Author Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ask the Author - Essay Example part that she says, â€Å"My dad built the house for me when I was five and my parents gave it to me that Christmas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This makes one picture the image of how the dollhouse would look like and how her father would spend time on something like a dollhouse. Why use the figurative language as aspect of tone language in this essay? For example â€Å"Mom and Dad had become more expert the second time around, so her house had extra details, like a staircase and a kitchen sink with exposed pipes.† I think the essay may be boring if you didn`t use some of this aspects of tone in this essay. It would be difficult to understand how the dollhouse looked like without using the imagery aspect and how important it was to Katie without the use of figurative language. Finally I would like to know you did you really talk just about a dollhouse and how Katie missed it and her family or what message were you passing across this essay? And why did you prefer using the few writing techniques like imagery and figurative languages? I wish you can answer all my

Define the Unique Selling Proposition ( USP) for Nordstrom. Describe a Assignment

Define the Unique Selling Proposition ( USP) for Nordstrom. Describe a USP for each keyroduct and create an Executive Summary - Assignment Example Nordstrom promises that the customer will not only get a product of high quality but also will get the best service from the product and from their staff (Nordstrom). Nordstrom has Jackets that they it calls â€Å"Jacket of all Trades†. The branding of the Jackets is the first unique aspect of the clothing. Secondly the branding proposes that the jackets they sell are for all occasions and third is that the jackets are of high quality at affordable prices and thus gives the customers value for their money and this also has the potential to attract new customers (Nordstrom). Nordstrom has a variety of key products and these include clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, Jewelry, beauty accessories and house ware. The USP for these products is embedded in the overall companies USP of quality and service. All the products are of high quality and give the customers the service they are intended to give besides the exceptional service that the customers are given at the shops. For example their shops have personal stylists assigned to customers shopping for clothing and this shows how much they care about their customers (Nordstrom). Nordstrom, Inc. is America’s leading fashion specialty retailers. It was founded in 1901 as a shoe shop in Seattle, currently Nordstrom manage 225 stores in 30 states, including 117 full-line stores, 104 Nordstrom Racks, two Jeffrey boutiques, one treasure &bond store and one clearance store (Nordstrom 2). Nordstrom is also available online at  Nordstrom.com  selling on the internet and through its catalogs. Furthermore, the Company operates in the online private sale marketplace through its subsidiary HauteLook. Nordstrom, Inc.s common stock is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol JWN. Its mission is to provide the best possible customer service, selection, quality and value and this has made it attract a huge customer base (Nordstrom). The

Criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Criminal justice - Essay Example Nevertheless, unexpectedly, every single one of these studies was carried out within the period of the Miranda resolution, and none have been repeated afterward. Hence, the entire literature on the impact of the Miranda Act on individuals and law enforcement personnel thus far originates from studies that were carried out during the early years of Miranda (Cassell & Fowles, 1998). Because the more enduring effect of a court resolution is more relevant to academics than its immediate impacts, as expressed by Leo (1996), it is astonishing that no academic has investigated the effect of the Miranda Act in almost three decades. The Miranda Act has been the most contentious and the most condemned case of the Supreme Court in the United States criminal justice (Fridell, 2006). Even though nobody has methodically studied the continuing impacts of Miranda on collective awareness, court cases, or law enforcement methods and behavior, the subject matter of Miranda’s effect is still a ro ot of contention among academics and practitioners (Leo, 1996). Despite the unending debate between liberal and conservative scholars of the Miranda Act, law enforcement personnel have effectively adjusted to the provision of Miranda of ‘pre-interrogation constitutional warnings’ (Leo, 1996, 628) in recent years.

Determination of crude fiber

Determination of crude fiber Dietary fiber can be defined as sum of polysaccharides and lignin that are not digested by human digestive enzymes. The major components of dietary fiber are cellulose, noncellulose such as hemicelluloses and pectin, lignin, and hydrocolloids (gums, mucilages, and algal polysaccharides). Human foodstuffs contain mainly noncellulose polysaccharides, some cellulose and little lignin. The average proportions of noncelluloe polysaccharides. Cellulose and lignin for common foodstuff are about 70%, 20% and 10% respectively(Laura and other 2003). The crude fiber method was developed in the 1850s to estimate indigestible carbohydrate in animal feeds. Since an easy alternative was not available, fiber in human foods was measured as crude fiber until the early 1970s (except for Southgate in England). Crude fiber method is one of the gravimetric method that measures the organic food residue remaining after sequential digestion with 0.255N sulphuric acid and 0.313N sodium hydroxide solutions, followed by oven-drying at 104 ºC overnight and ignition in muffle furnace at 600 ºC for 3 hours. The compounds removed are predominantly protein, sugar, starch, lipids and portions of both the structural carbohydrates and lignin. Crude fiber method measures variable amounts of the cellulose and lignin in the sample, but hemicelluloses, pectins, and added gums or hydrocolloids are solubilised and removed. Therefore, crude fibre measurement drastically underestimates dietary fibre in foods since it measures only cellulose and lignin. As a result, crude fiber method is only adequate for determination of fiber in animal feed product, but not suitable for human food analysis as lignin is significant to human health (James N.BeMiller 2003) Determination of carbohydrate Carbohydrates are important in food because carbohydrates provide energy, enhance immune function and support cellular communications. Carbohydrates are converted into energy to allow our cells to function. There are two major types of carbohydrates such as complex carbohydrates and simple carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are glycogen in human tissue and cellulose in plant tissues. Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharide such as glucose, fructose, galactose and disaccharides like maltose, lactose and sucrose (DeWayne McCulley 2005). The most important sources of carbohydrates are plant food such as fruits, vegetables and grains. Milk and milk products contain the carbohydrates lactose (milk sugar) but meat, fish and poultry have no carbohydrate at all. One gram of carbohydrates has four calories. To find the number of calories from the carbohydrates in a serving, multiply the number of grams of carbohydrates by four. For example, one whole bagel has about 38 grams of carbohydrates, equal to about 152 calories (Carol Ann Rinzler 2006). The determination of carbohydrates is one of the most frequently required analyses in the food analysis laboratory and has considerable application in nutritional and biochemical studies. The variety of food and beverage products from food manufacturers continues to expand. This variety, combines with raised expectations of quality and consistency from the consumer, has created a need for analytical methods that provide specific data on the composition of both raw materials and final products. Analyses for carbohydrates must be applicable to simple ingredients, complex processed foods, and fractions or components isolated in nutritional studies. (Eliasson, 2006) There are several methods of carbohydrate analysis and can be divided into physical methods and chemical method. Physical methods generally determined some overall features of the sugars in food such as total carbohydrates. The physical methods include refractometry, polarimetry and hydrometry. Unlike physical methods, chemical methods are able to determined more specific features, for example, reducing sugar. In this experiment, carbohydrates in foods were determined by difference after knowing the content of other food components. The accuracy of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by differenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  method depends on the determination of other food components and does not make any distinction between the available and nonavailable carbohydrates. The advantage of this method is carbohydrates content can be calculated without carry out an experiment (Nollet 2004). Determination of Vitamin C Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) which forms cementing substance such as collagen in the body is important in wound healing and increasing resistance to infections. This vitamin also enhances the absorption of non-heme iron and may protect against some cancers and cardiovascular disease. Milk contains only a small amount of ascorbic acid (0.94 mg per 100g milk). Processing or exposure to heat such as pasteurization reduces the vitamin C content of milk. The current RDA for vitamin C for most adults is 60mg per day (Gregory and others 1999). Besides, pregnant women need a moderate increased for vitamin C during last trimester to meet the needs of the growing fetus. The vitamin C content in food is strongly influenced by length of time on the shelf and in the storage and cooking practice likes the heating and exposure to copper or iron or to mildly alkaline conditions destroys the vitamin (World Health Organization 1998). The AOAC method for determining vitamin C in food is based upon the reduction of the dye 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) with ascorbic acid in an acid solution. DCPIP is used as the titrant because it only oxidizes ascorbic acid and not other substances that might be present. Besides, it acts as a self-indicator in the titration because it changes to another color when in excess analyte (ascorbic acid). In the oxidized form, DCPIP is purplish-blue in neutral or alkaline solution, and pink in acid solution; the reduced form of dye is colorless. The solution will remain colorless as more DCPIP is added until all of the ascorbic acid has reacted. As soon as the next drop of DCPIP solution is added at the solution and the solution is turn to light red or pink due to the excess DCPIP, the end point of the titration is reached. Hence, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid by DCPIP solution. However, this method is not capable of determining dehydroascorbic acid conten t that presents more or less 80% of vitamin C activity shown by ascorbic acid. The diagram below show the reaction between ascorbic acid and 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (DCPIP). (Ball 1997) Redox reaction between ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). Before using DCPIP to quantitatively measure vitamin C, the concentration of the DCPIP solution must be known. The concentration of DCPIP solution can be determined by react the DCPIP solution with a solution of ascorbic acid with a known concentration. This is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“standardizingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the solution and it must be done before determine the concentration of vitamin C of sample. The vitamin is very susceptible to oxidative deterioration, which is enhanced by high pH and by the presence of ferric and cupric ions. For this reason, the entire analytical procedure needs to be performed at low pH and in the presence of a chelating agent if necessary. (Ronald and Landen 2003) For example, ascorbic acid is extracted from food and titrated with the indicator in the presence of acid like oxalic acid. These acids are used to preserve the correct acidity for reaction and to avoid auto oxidation of ascorbic acid. 1. James N.BeMiller. 2003. Carbohydrate Analysis. In: S. Suzanne Nielsen. Food Analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p144-169. 2. Laura E. Matarese, Michele M. Gottschlich. 2003. Contemporary nutrition support practice: a clinical guide. 2nd ed. USA: Saunders. 173-175p. 3. Carol Ann Rinzler. 2006. Nutrition for Dummies. 4th ed. USA: Wiley Publishing. 102p. 4. DeWayne McCulley. 2005. Death to Diabetes: The Six Stages of Type 2 Diabetes Control Reversal. South Carolina: BookSurge. 56p. 5. 3. Ann-Charlotte Eliasson. 2006. Carbohydrates in food. 2nd Edition. USA: CRC Press. 2-3p. 6. Handbook of Food Analysis: Physical Characterization and Nutrient Analysis. 2nd ed. USA: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 387-393p. 7. G. F. M. Ball. 1997. Bioavailability and analysis of vitamins in foods. United Kingdom: Chapman Hall. 521-523 p. 8. Gregory D. Miller, Judith K. Jarvis, Lois D. McBean. 1999. Handbook of dairy foods and nutrition. 2nd ed.USA: CRC Press. 24p 9. World Health Organization. 1998. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. China: Sun Fung. 135-137p. 10. Ronald R.E and W.O.Landen, Jr, 1999. Vitamin Analysis. In: S. Suzanne Nielsen. Food Analysis. 3rd edition. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. New York. p 182.

Thomas Hardy was an English man, who lived in England near Dorchester E

Thomas Hardy was an English man, who lived in England near Dorchester Thomas Hardy was an English man, who lived in England near Dorchester. He lived from 1840-1928 most of what he wrote is set in Dorset and the neighboring countries. He gave these the fictional name Wessex. He wrote 17 novels which one was unpublished. And around a thousand poems the melancholy hussar and the withered arm are both from the Wessex tails book. He lived on the edge of a tract of a wild heath land, which was very isolated this may have resulted in his stories being set out in the country or being isolated. Or even ending happy in the melancholy hussar or the withered arm. The social class issues, these would stop a lower class person marrying a higher-class person it was seen as a very big thing back then, there-for Dr.grove wants Humphrey to marry Phyllis, and in the withered arm Rhoda could marry farmer lodge but he does not want to as it is seen as a disgrace. Also the stigma of being an unmarried mother is tough for Rhoda and her son. Farmer lodge does not even acknowledge him wh...